本文环境如下：

OS系统：ubuntu 12.04（原为10.04最近升级了）

编译器 ：avr-gcc

烧录软件 :avrdude

调试软件:avarice ，GDB和ddd （可视界面）

开发板：

1.xplain(xmega128a1)无法调试，只能烧录，因为官方没有公开其调试的协议。

2.Mega16开发板。

仿真器or烧录器：dragon和usbasp（使用较多）

程序编写：Vim（升级版的记事本，很好用，很推荐）

关于使用前的准备和说明

至于为什么要使用linux下开发avr，原因主要是因为比较有趣。其次便是win下的环境用起来其实并不是很方便。IAR是付费软件（但是的确好用），Avr-studio虽然是免费版，不过优缺点是太过庞大，并且是以vc2010为基础开发，这个也就算不上真正的免费了。至于win-avr其实蛮不错的。win下也可以搭建如下环境。

准备：

软件安装，软件安装建议使用ubuntu的软件中心，比较方便。需要avr-gcc，avrdude,avarice,gdb,ddd即可了。文本编辑什么都行。可以集成在codeblocks和eclipse里面。Codeblocks如此做用起来感觉不错,eclipse需要配置，但原理都是一样的。

对于命令行可以如下安装

sudo apt-get install gcc-avrbinuilts-avr avr-libc

sudo apt-get installvim

sudo apt-get installavrdude

强烈建议顺便安上手册

sudo apt-get installavrdude-doc

sudo apt-get installavarice

sudo apt-get installgdb

sudo apt-get installddd

然后就都安装完毕了。下一步就可以开始了。

开始之前需要先写一个.c的程序

代码会在文章最后和附件里提出。这是一个很简单让一个led亮的程序。

之后介绍一个makefile的东西，此物是简化操作流程的一个东西。让敲好多行命令才能完成的只需简单的一句话就行了。附件里会包含一个makefile的模板，是winavr下模板改的可用版。具体的内容是如何实现的，可以翻阅官方makefile手册和百度，谷歌。

简单介绍Makefile里面的几个命令，有过经验可以无视

AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = usbasp

#dragon_jtag

AVRDUDE_PORT = usb # programmer connected to serial device

AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -Uflash:w:$(TARGET).hex

AVRDUDE_FLAGS = -p $(MCU) -P$(AVRDUDE_PORT) -c $(AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER)

AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY)

AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_VERBOSE)

AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER)

上面这些都是定义变量，makefile里的

program: $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).eep

$(AVRDUDE)$(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)

当我们输入make program时就会执行上面这句之前的都不用关心了。翻译过来就变成了(如果叫main.hex)

avrdude -P usb -p m16 -c usbasp -U flash:w:main.hex

就是说用usb下的usbasp烧录m16的flash，内容为main.hex

如果用dragon的话一般用jtag就是-c dragon_jtag。具体可以查看avrdude手册。

了解之后先打开终端，找到.c文件目录下。Makefile文件放在同一目录下

根据需要更改其内容

输入make

便会输出一些信息，最后会有提示编译成功

之后就可以烧录了

烧录之前看一下烧录器是否在

输入lsusb

显然，usbasp存在。那么输入sudo make program

会在很快的时间内烧录成功，比win快的多。最后提示你烧录成功

至于debug，usbasp没有这个功能。需要用dragon的jtag。

住：Debug其实不是很推荐使用，虽然比较高效，建议利用串口的信息输入输出（以后会介绍），这是因为在进入系统的嵌入后，常规的debug经常会无法使用。

实际的命令会是

avarice -g -j usb --erase --program --filemain.hex :4242

不过如果makefile里已经写好的话直接输入sudo make debug就可以了

下面为命令的结果

现在属于等待GDB，可视化的话就是DDD的状态中了

比如在gdb.conf中添加

file main.elf

target remotelocalhost:4242

启动DDD

ddd–-debugger “avr-gdb -x gdb.conf”

也可以手起动，然后配置，ui界面比较友好。

还有一句话。makefile里面已经把上步骤都做好了～当然会根据需求要求更改的。尤其是debug的时候。

总结：本文所说有些简略了，Linux开发的困难主要在于搭建环境，因此需要多看一下相关的官方手册。

测试代码：

main.c

// avr-gcc application builder : 2011-11-1

// Target : M16

// Crystal: 12.000Mhz

#include

#include

#define SET(a,b) a|(1<

#define CLR(a,b) a &~(1<

void port_init(void)

{

DDRA = 0xff;//将PA0定义为输出

PORTA = 0xff;

PORTB = 0x00;

DDRB = 0x00;

PORTC = 0x00; //m103 output only

DDRC = 0x00;

PORTD = 0x00;

DDRD = 0x00;

}

//call this routine to initialize all peripherals

void init_devices(void)

{

//stop errant interrupts until set up

//CLI(); //disable all interrupts

port_init();

MCUCR = 0x00;

GICR = 0x00;

TIMSK = 0x00; //timer interrupt sources

// SEI(); //re-enable interrupts

//all peripherals are now initialized

}

//

void main(void)

{

init_devices();

//insert your functional code here...

PORTA = CLR(PORTA,3);

while(1); //程序挂起

}

Makefile:

# Hey Emacs, this is a -*- makefile -*-

#----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# WinAVR Makefile Template written by Eric B. Weddington, Jörg Wunsch, et al.

# Linux GCC using is changed by Galaxy2416

# Released to the Public Domain

#

# Additional material for this makefile was written by:

# Peter Fleury

# Tim Henigan

# Colin O'Flynn

# Reiner Patommel

# Markus Pfaff

# Sander Pool

# Frederik Rouleau

# Carlos Lamas

#

#----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# On command line:

#

# make all = Make software.

#

# make clean = Clean out built project files.

#

# make coff = Convert ELF to AVR COFF.

#

# make extcoff = Convert ELF to AVR Extended COFF.

#

# make program = Download the hex file to the device, using avrdude.

# Please customize the avrdude settings below first!

#

# make debug = Start either simulavr or avarice as specified for debugging,

# with avr-gdb or avr-insight as the front end for debugging.

#

# make filename.s = Just compile filename.c into the assembler code only.

#

# make filename.i = Create a preprocessed source file for use in submitting

# bug reports to the GCC project.

#

# To rebuild project do "make clean" then "make all".

#----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# MCU name

MCU = atmega16

#atxmega128a1

# Processor frequency.

# This will define a symbol, F_CPU, in all source code files equal to the

# processor frequency. You can then use this symbol in your source code to

# calculate timings. Do NOT tack on a 'UL' at the end, this will be done

# automatically to create a 32-bit value in your source code.

# Typical values are:

# F_CPU = 1000000

# F_CPU = 1843200

# F_CPU = 2000000

# F_CPU = 3686400

# F_CPU = 4000000

# F_CPU = 7372800

# F_CPU = 8000000

# F_CPU = 11059200

# F_CPU = 14745600

# F_CPU = 16000000

# F_CPU = 18432000

# F_CPU = 20000000

F_CPU = 8000000

# Output format. (can be srec, ihex, binary)

FORMAT = ihex

# Target file name (without extension).

TARGET = main

# Object files directory

# To put object files in current directory, use a dot (.), do NOT make

# this an empty or blank macro!

OBJDIR = .

# List C source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)

SRC = $(TARGET).c

# List C++ source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)

CPPSRC =

# List Assembler source files here.

# Make them always end in a capital .S. Files ending in a lowercase .s

# will not be considered source files but generated files (assembler

# output from the compiler), and will be deleted upon "make clean"!

# Even though the DOS/Win* filesystem matches both .s and .S the same,

# it will preserve the spelling of the filenames, and gcc itself does

# care about how the name is spelled on its command-line.

ASRC =

# Optimization level, can be [0, 1, 2, 3, s].

# 0 = turn off optimization. s = optimize for size.

# (Note: 3 is not always the best optimization level. See avr-libc FAQ.)

OPT = s

# Debugging format.

# Native formats for AVR-GCC's -g are dwarf-2 [default] or stabs.

# AVR Studio 4.10 requires dwarf-2.

# AVR [Extended] COFF format requires stabs, plus an avr-objcopy run.

DEBUG = dwarf-2

# List any extra directories to look for include files here.

# Each directory must be seperated by a space.

# Use forward slashes for directory separators.

# For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.

EXTRAINCDIRS =

# Compiler flag to set the C Standard level.

# c89 = "ANSI" C

# gnu89 = c89 plus GCC extensions

# c99 = ISO C99 standard (not yet fully implemented)

# gnu99 = c99 plus GCC extensions

CSTANDARD = -std=gnu99

# Place -D or -U options here for C sources

CDEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL

# Place